Introduction Two principal strategies dominate peptide production: solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and solution-phase synthesis (SPS). Each offers distinct advantages in scalability, speed, and purity control. This primer compares workflows, chemistries, typical pitfalls, and selection criteria. Core Chemistry Both methods form amide bonds between activated carboxyl and amine groups. Protecting groups (Fmoc, Boc) prevent side reactions;