OXYTOCIN 2mg

Oxytocin Peptide

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring neuropeptide hormone composed of nine amino acids (nonapeptide). It is synthesized primarily in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream. Oxytocin acts both as a hormone and as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system, where it influences a range of physiological and behavioral processes, including uterine contraction, lactation, social bonding, emotional regulation, and stress modulation.

Overview

Oxytocin is encoded by the OXT gene and synthesized as a prepropeptide before being processed into the active form. The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) is a G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) that primarily activates the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway, leading to inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated calcium release and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) activation. This signaling cascade regulates smooth muscle contraction and neuronal excitability. In the brain, oxytocin modulates neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, affecting social recognition, pair bonding, trust, and anxiety responses.

Oxytocin plays a vital role in reproductive physiology—promoting uterine contractions during labor and facilitating milk ejection during lactation. Beyond its peripheral actions, it is increasingly recognized for its central effects in shaping social behavior, emotional reactivity, and autonomic regulation. Deficits in oxytocin signaling have been implicated in stress-related, affective, and social disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, and social anxiety.

Chemical Characteristics

Other Known Titles: α-hypophamine; OXT; Oxytocic hormone; Pitocin (synthetic form)

Research and Clinical Studies

Oxytocin and Social Behavior. Research suggests that oxytocin modulates social cognition and bonding behaviors. Intranasal administration of oxytocin in human studies has been shown to enhance facial emotion recognition, empathy, and trust. Animal research supports its role in pair bonding, maternal behavior, and affiliation. Oxytocin appears to influence activity in brain regions such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens, promoting prosocial behavior and emotional regulation.

Oxytocin and Stress Response. Experimental evidence indicates that oxytocin can attenuate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation, reducing cortisol secretion and sympathetic tone under stress. Its anxiolytic properties are thought to derive from modulation of GABAergic and serotonergic signaling within the amygdala and hypothalamus. These effects have been linked to improved resilience, reduced cardiovascular reactivity, and enhanced parasympathetic balance.

Oxytocin in Reproduction. Oxytocin’s uterotonic effect promotes labor contractions and cervical dilation, a property utilized clinically in obstetric practice. Postpartum, oxytocin facilitates milk ejection through contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands. Beyond these classic roles, recent studies suggest that oxytocin may support uterine repair and angiogenesis following parturition.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Function. Emerging evidence indicates oxytocin exerts cardioprotective and metabolic effects. In preclinical studies, oxytocin has been shown to improve glucose uptake, promote lipolysis, and reduce inflammation within adipose tissue. Additionally, oxytocin signaling appears to enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, improving vasodilation and cardiovascular health.

Lyophilized Form

Oxytocin is supplied as a lyophilized, filler-free peptide to maintain chemical stability during storage. Reconstitute with sterile solvent immediately prior to use and store aliquots at ≤ –20 °C to prevent degradation or repeated freeze–thaw cycles.

Oxytocin — References

• Gimpl, G., Fahrenholz, F. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiological Reviews. 2001;81(2):629–683.https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629
• Lee, H. J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J. H., Young, W. S. III. Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Progress in Neurobiology. 2009;88(2):127–151.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001
• Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., Heinrichs, M. Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2011;12(9):524–538.https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3044
• MacDonald, K., Feifel, D. Oxytocin in schizophrenia: a review of evidence for its therapeutic effects. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2012;24(3):130–146.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00634.x
• Bethlehem, R. A. I., van Honk, J., Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S. Oxytocin, brain physiology, and functional connectivity: a review of intranasal oxytocin fMRI studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(7):962–974.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.011
• Leng, G., Sabatier, N. Oxytocin – The sweet hormone? Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;28(5):365–376.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.007
• Born, J., Lange, T., Kern, W., McGregor, G. P., Bickel, U., Fehm, H. L. Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain. Nature Neuroscience. 2002;5(6):514–516.https://doi.org/10.1038/nn849
• Neumann, I. D., Landgraf, R. Balance of brain oxytocin and vasopressin: implications for anxiety, depression, and social behaviors. Trends in Neurosciences. 2012;35(11):649–659.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.004
• Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. Sniffing around oxytocin: review and meta-analyses of trials in healthy and clinical groups with implications for pharmacotherapy. Translational Psychiatry. 2013;3:e258.https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.34
• Quintana, D. S., Smerud, K. T., Andreassen, O. A., Djupesland, P. G. Evidence for intranasal oxytocin delivery to the brain: recent advances and future perspectives. Therapeutic Delivery. 2018;9(7):515–525.https://doi.org/10.4155/tde-2018-0002

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